Seven treaties negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland in October 1925 and ratified in December, in which the European powers (chiefly Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Belgium) made mutual non-aggression treaties, also promising to assist in defending one another from attack. Germany signed further agreements with France, Belgium, Poland and Czechoslovakia, referring disputes to a tribunal or to the Permanent Court of International Justice. France also signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, promising mutual aid in case of aggression from Germany.